by Me­chas and Roberto — We re­cently pre­pared a lec­ture that in­cluded a brief dis­cus­sion of bac­te­r­ial evo­lu­tion. Of course, we cov­ered hor­i­zon­tal gene trans­fer (HGT), which we con­sider a key pil­lar in the evo­lu­tion­ary process. We du­ti­fully be­gan our pre­sen­ta­tion by list­ing, per­force: trans­for­ma­tion, con­ju­ga­tion, and trans­duc­tion.